Marieke Wyckaert
Professor (COMP)
Jan Ronse Institute for Company and Financial Law
Tiensestraat 41
- box
3436
3000 Leuven
Belgium
tel:
+32 16 32 93 87
mobile:
+32 324 773 704
contact
Marieke Wyckaert is a part-time professor at the Jan Ronse Institute for Corporate and Financial Law and teaches European and Belgian company law Until 2021, she was also active as an attorney in these domains.
Marieke obtained her doctorate degree in 1994 with a study of capital and capital formation in public and private companies. Together with Koen Geens, she edited the volume on company law in the series Principles of Belgian Private Law (2011), and since 2012 she has been co-author of the overviews of company law case law in the Tijdschrift voor Privaatrecht.
Marieke was one of the four experts appointed by Minister of Justice Koen Geens who designed and wrote the Code of Companies and Associations (2019).
In recent years, her research has mainly focused on governance structures (composition and functioning of the board of directors, agency conflicts, dual regimes, conflicts of interest) and the role of company and association law in the context of national, global and European developments and challenges. In her capacity as chair (since 2019) of the Belgian Centre for Company Law (BCV), which she co-founded in 2014, she regularly provides support, alone or with colleagues, to various branches of the legislature. She is also vice-chair of the Adviescomité inzake vennootschappen en verenigingen (CASAVV), a private advisory committee set up by FedNot (the Belgian Federation of notaries) and the BCV.
She has been a member of the editorial board of the Tijdschrift voor Rechtspersoon en Vennootschap / Revue pratique des sociétés since 1988, was a member of the Supervisory Board of the FSMA between 2011 and 2017 and has been a member of the Sanctions Committee of the National Bank of Belgium since 2022. From 2025, she will also be a director of the non-profit organisation ICCI, the study and documentation center of the Institute for Company Auditors (IBR/IRE).
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journal-articleWyckaert, Marieke; 2025. Overgangsrecht : van de BVBA en de CVBA met kapitaal naar de BV en de CV zonder kapitaal - de wetgever wist echt wel wat hij deed. TRV/RPS; 2025; Vol. 2026; iss. 1; pp. 126 - 129LIRIAS4394736
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Publisher: Roularta Media Group
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journal-articleWyckaert, Marieke; 2025. Multiple Voting Rights: What to Do With Nessie in Our Bed?. European Company Law; 2025; Vol. 22; iss. 3; pp. 56 - 57LIRIAS4248745
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Publisher: Kluwer Law International
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presentationWyckaert, Marieke;De Cuyper, Thijs; 2025. Buitenlandse investeringen in België onder het vergrootglas van de overheid: inzichten uit een zich vormende praktijk.LIRIAS4244979
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chapterWyckaert, Maria; 2025. Adoption et application du Code des sociétés et des associations. Le Code des sociétés et des associations après 6 années d'application: état des lieux, difficultés et solutions pratques; 2025; pp. 9 - 45 Publisher: Larcier IntersentiaLIRIAS4269023
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chapterWyckaert, Maria; 2025. Over de waardeketen en zijn schakels : begrip, reikwijdte en mogelijke nevenwerkingen. Grensoverschrijdend ondernemingsrecht; 2025; pp. 49 - 68 Publisher: Van der Heijden InstituutLIRIAS4127523
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chapterWyckaert, Maria;De Wulf, Hans; 2025. La réforme (2019) du droit belge des sociétés: philosophie générale et choix stratégiques. Le droit français des sociétés: bilan et perspectives; 2025; pp. 143 - 162 Publisher: DallozLIRIAS4269024
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journal-articleWyckaert, Maria; 2024. 't Amendement: “You have mail” - over zetels en adressen - ook rechtsper sonen moeten ergens in België fysiek bereikbaar zijn. Tijdschrift voor Rechtspersoon en Vennootschap; 2024; Vol. 2024; iss. 8; pp. 757 - 762LIRIAS4277013
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Publisher: Biblo
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thesis-dissertationVan Baelen, Bram; 2024. Uitkeringsverbod en belangeloos doel bij VZW en stichting. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4186480
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Organizational law encompasses the rules for private legal entities. These legal entities can be divided into two groups based on their purpose: companies on the one hand, and non-profit organizations ("NPOs") and foundations on the other. While companies have a positive purpose ("to provide or deliver a direct or indirect financial benefit to their partners"), NPOs (article 1:2 Belgian Code of Companies and Associations) and foundations (article 1:3 Belgian Code of Companies and Associations) are primarily defined negatively. Organizational law primarily defines what they are not allowed to do, namely to make distributions ("neither directly nor indirectly distribute or provide any financial benefit") to their insiders, except in relation to the disinterested purpose specified in their statutes. Insiders of the NPO or foundation include members, founders, initiators, directors, and any other person with control over the organization. This is called the non-distribution constraint. The non-distribution constraint serves an important signaling function to the outside world. Stakeholders (donors, subsidizing authorities, etc.) know that the organization cannot distribute its resources or revenue. On the flip side, the scope and application of the non-distribution constraint are crucial aspects of the regulations for NPOs and foundations. Mapping this scope is a primary objective of this research. Every NPO or foundation pursues a disinterested or social purpose. The disinterested purpose is the raison d'ëtre of the NPO or foundation and essentially determines the destination of the accumulated assets. In other words, while the non-distribution constraint states what an NPO or foundation cannot do with its assets ("not distribute"), the disinterested purpose determines what an NPO or foundation must do with its assets ("spend on this purpose"). The destination-bound nature of the purpose has consequences for the management of the assets of the NPO or foundation. Directors are required to manage the assets of the NPO or foundation with a view to achieving the purpose. To date, little attention has been paid to the rules and standards surrounding the enforceability of achieving the disinterested purpose of NPOs and foundations. Often, the rules of corporate law are transplanted mutatis mutandis to the provisions concerning NPOs and foundations, but the research shows that this does not always lead to the most optimal situation. Organizational law places the authority to supervise management with the general meeting of NPOs, by analogy with the powers of the general meeting in companies. In companies, this delegation of authority is explained by the idea that shareholders have a financial incentive to intervene in cases of inefficient or incorrect management, as they are also entitled to the profits (dividends, liquidation balance). Due to the non-distribution constraint, members of an NPO do not (or at least not always) experience the same financial incentive as shareholders. In the case of foundations, there is not even a statutory provision for a supervisory body. As a result, the governance framework for NPOs and foundations is underdeveloped, leading to little control over the management of these legal forms, both in terms of compliance with the non-distribution constraint and the spending of the purpose-bound assets. For foundations, this is partially mitigated as stakeholders can turn to the courts in cases that would otherwise result in a deadlock (e.g., judicial dismissal of a director) or when judicial approval must be obtained (e.g., amendment of statutes or dissolution of the foundation). In contrast, NPOs have no similar provisions because lawmakers assume the primacy of the general meeting. As a result, any stakeholders are dependent on the intervention of the general meeting, but in cases of its inaction, there are few ways to rectify mismanagement. In addition to the scope of the non-distribution constraint, this research focuses on the disinterested purpose of NPOs and foundations. This includes both the concrete interpretation of the concept of a disinterested purpose ("What exactly does a disinterested purpose entail?") and the impact of the disinterested purpose on the guidelines for the management body and the general meeting (in the case of NPOs) or the supervisory body (in the case of foundations) ("What does the disinterested purpose mean for directors and members/supervisors?").
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chapterWyckaert, Maria; 2024. De eenpersoonsvennootschap en belastingen: een moeilijke kwestie. Liber Amicorum Luc De Broe - The Least Taxed Road; 2024; pp. 1179 - 1194 Publisher: Wolters KluwerLIRIAS4277020
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presentationCools, Sofie;Wyckaert, Maria; 2024. Sale of Significant Assets: From the Fortis Case over the CCA to the 2024 Reform.LIRIAS4190598
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chapterWyckaert, Marieke;De Cuyper, Thijs; 2024. Overheidstoezicht op Foreign Direct Investments in België (en in Europa) - Over (o.m.) strategische sectoren, spionage, zwarte gaten en black boxes. Het vennootschapsrecht onder invloed : de impact van recente ontwikkelingen in andere rechtsdomeinen; 2024 Publisher: RoulertaLIRIAS4220541
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presentationDe Cuyper, Thijs;Wyckaert, marieke; 2024. Foreign Direct Investment screening: overnames van vennootschappen onder toezicht van de overheid?.LIRIAS4161263
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presentationVanswijgenhoven, Fleur;Wyckaert, Marieke; 2024. Bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid in vennootschappen: het veldonderzoek voortgezet (2021-2023).LIRIAS4144901
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chapterVanswijgenhoven, Fleur;Wyckaert, Marieke; 2024. Bestuurdersaansprakelijkheid in vennootschappen: het veldonderzoek voortgezet (2021-2023). Vennootschapsrecht; 2024; Vol. 127; pp. 49 - 86 Publisher: LarcierLIRIAS4144899
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chapterWyckaert, Maria; 2023. Shareholder activism in Belgium: what is awaiting us?. Shareholder Activism in Belgium; 2023; pp. 347 - 353 Publisher: Larcier IntersentiaLIRIAS4277017
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otherWyckaert, Maria; Over de waardeketen en zijn schakels : begrip, reikwijdte en mogelijke nevenwerkingen. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4127524
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Studiedag Van der Heijden-congres 'Grensoverschrijdend ondernemingsrecht' op 24 en 25 november 2023
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Wyckaert, Maria;
2023.
L'intérêt social des sociétés : une notion "fourre-tout" n'est pas une baguette magique.
Aux sources du droit des sociétés de demain - Le cent-cinquantenaire de la loi du 18 mai 1873 sur les sociétés commerciales; 2023; pp. 125 - 150
Publisher: Anthemis
LIRIAS4121600
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journal-articleVan Eetvelde, Jasper;Bruloot, Diederik;Culot, Henri;De Leo, Frederik;De Wulf, Hans;De Marez, Dominique;Lindemans, Gillis;Van Hoe, Arie;Wyckaert, Marieke; 2023. De positie van de kapitaalhouder bij herstructurering en de afstemming van de bepalingen van boek XX WER over de herstructureringen op het WVV. Tijdschrift voor insolventie- en beslagrecht; 2023; Vol. 2; pp. 1 - 3LIRIAS4116669
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Publisher: Die Keure
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journal-articleWyckaert, Maria;Van Crombrugge, Stefaan;Van Gerven, Dirk; 2023. Genegen en zeer hartelijk - n.a.v. het academisch emeritaat van Koen Geens. TRV/RPS; 2023; Vol. 2023-6; pp. 387 - 388LIRIAS4121599
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Publisher: Roularta Media Group
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chapterWyckaert, Maria; 2023. Koen Geens, immer academicus in hart en nieren. Feestschrift Koen Geens; 2023; pp. 43 - 49 Publisher: Roularta Media Group, incl. BibloLIRIAS4121222
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