Irmak Erdogan
Postdoctoral researcher
Centre for IT & IP Law
Sint-Michielsstraat 6
- box
3443
3000 Leuven
Belgium
contact
Irmak Erdoğan Peter obtained her law licence from the Istanbul Bar Association in 2012 and worked briefly as a lawyer in media law, criminal law, and human rights law. Starting in 2014, she has worked as a research and teaching assistant at the Criminal Law and Procedures Department at Istanbul Bilgi University and later at Galatasaray University. During her Ph.D., she proceeded with her research as a visiting researcher at the University of Florence in Italy (Dec 2019 – Mar 2020) and as a Swiss Government Excellence Scholar at the University of Basel in Switzerland (Oct 2020-Sep 2021). In 2022, Irmak obtained a doctorate in law degree from Galatasaray University after completing her Ph.D. thesis entitled “Artificial Intelligence and its Implications on Data-Driven Criminal Justice”. She specialised in criminal law and data protection, particularly in criminal profiling and risk assessment technologies.
Since September 2022, she has been working in the Starlight and CIF Projects.
She teaches Introduction to Law in the Bachelor Program of European Studies and Legal Aspects of Cybersecurity Law in the Master of Cybersecurity Program at KU LEUVEN.
Publications
Erdoğan, I. (2025). ''Diving into the Iceberg: Establishing Transparency in AI for Law Enforcement''. European Papers, Vol: 9.
Erdoğan, I. Article 78 (Confidentiality) AI Act in the EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act: A Commentary, (eds. Prof. Dr. Peggy Valcke, Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Forgo). Kluwer Law International, pp. 1181-1197. Available at: lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/755210.
Erdogan, I./Meszaros, J./ Preuveneers, D./ Biasin, E./Marquet, E./Rosal Santos, I./Vranckaert, K./ Belkadi, L. and Menéndez, N. (2023). “Chatgpt: How Many Data Protection Principles Do You Comply with?”. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4647569.
Erdoğan, I./Kumkumoğlu K./ Çetin S. (2023). AI and Administration of Justice: Turkey Report. E-Revue internationale de droit penal. Available at : https://www.penal.org/sites/default/files/files/A-16-23.pdf
Erdoğan, I. (2023). “Biometric Data Within the Scope of the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR): Clearview Example”. In Case Study Analyses and Extended Commentary on the Turkish Personal Data Protection Law and the GDPR, edited by
Gültekin Varkonyi and Kübra İslamoğlu Bayer. Ankara: Seçkin Publication, 65-91. ISBN: 9789750289309.
Erdoğan, I. (2023). “Predictive Crime Mapping under the Law Enforcement Directive: An Analysis of Profiling Provisions”. Center for IT & IP Law Blog. Available at : https://www.law.kuleuven.be/citip/blog/predictive-crime-mapping-under-the-law-enforcement-directive-an-analysis-of-profiling-provisions/.
Erdoğan, I. (2022). The Implications of the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Profiling on Data-Driven Criminal Justice (Yapay Zeka ve Profilleme Teknolojilerinin Ceza Muhakemesinde Kişisel Veri İşlenmesine Etkileri). Ankara: Seçkin. (Original book written in Turkish). ISBN-10 : 9750278682, ISBN-13 : 978-9750278686.
Erdoğan, I. (2022). “Algorithmic Suspicion in the Era of Predictive Policing”. In Law and Technology in a Global Digital Society: Autonomous Systems, Data Protection, IT Security and Legal Tech, edited by Georg Borges and Christop Sorge. Cham: Springer, 89-102. ISBN: 978-3-030-90512-5.
Erdoğan, I. (2021). “Automated Decision-Making: A Comparison of Profiling Regulations within Turkey and the EU” (Otomatik Karar Çağında Hukuk: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Karşılaştırmalı Profilleme Düzenlemeleri). In Artificial Intelligence and Law, edited by Eylem Aksoy Retornaz and Osman Gazi Öztürk. Istanbul: On İki Levha Yayınları, 373-390. ISBN: 9786257598019. (Original book chapter written in Turkish)
Erdoğan, I. (2021). “Evaluating Distant Learning and Distance Education During COVID-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of Personal Data Protection” (COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Uzaktan Eğitim ve Uzaktan Sınavın Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Açısından Değerlendirilmesi). In Digital Transformation and Law during COVID 19 Pandemic, Special Report, Istanbul Bar Association, 50-65. (Original report written in Turkish)
Erdoğan, I. (2020). “The End of the Age of Innocence: Potential Criminals Under the Watchful Eye of Police and Intelligence Cooperation” (Masumiyet Çağının Sonu: İstihbarat ve Kolluk Faaliyetlerinin Odağında Potansiyel Suçlular). Ayrıntı Journal, Summer Volume: 35, 147-154. (Original article written in Turkish)
Erdoğan, I. & A. Türay. (2019). “Legal Evaluation of the Crime of Insult in Abstentia”(Gıyapta Hakaret Suçunda İhtilatın Hukuksal Niteliği). Dokuz Eylul University Law Faculty Journal, 2019/21, peer-reviewed, 1325-1374. ISSN: 1303-6963. (Original article written in Turkish)
Erdoğan, I. (2016). “The Police Force and the Society in Modern Communities” (Modern Toplum Yapılanmasında Polis ve Toplum İkilemi). Crime and Punishment Journal, 2016/1-2, 111-130. (Original article written in Turkish)
Erdoğan, I. (2016). “What to Know About Child Abuse: In 9 Questions” (Cinsel İstismara Dair Bilmeniz Gerekenler: 9 Soruda). Diken online newspaper, available at: http://www.diken.com.tr/cinsel-istismara-dair-bilmeniz-gerekenler-9-soruda/ (Original article written in Turkish)
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journal-articleErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2025. Diving into the Iceberg: Establishing Transparency in AI for Law Enforcement. European Papers; 2025; Vol. 9; iss. 3 keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4210528
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The use of AI in security contexts demands rigorous scrutiny and accountability, intersecting multiple layers of regulation. While current discussions on AI transparency often focus on personal data protection and the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), this Article explores how the AI Act, and the Law Enforcement Directive (LED, 2016/680) can be read together to enhance transparency. Using case studies such as Clearview AI, SyRi, and BriefCam, the Article argues that when considered in parallel, these frameworks can offer crucial safeguards against the individual and societal risks posed by AI tools. However, the structural limitations of these regulations, coupled with the practices of key actors, create challenges that may impede their full implementation. By critically analysing both the legislative frameworks and practical examples, the Article demonstrates that, in the absence of insider disclosures and public revelations, these regulations risk failing to enable meaningful public scrutiny, especially in sensitive contexts like national security and predictive policing. The Article identifies significant gaps, including the need for best practices in LED implementation, harmonized regulations across security stakeholders, and most importantly the pressing need for robust rights to information and access, especially when fair administration and fair trials are at stake.
Publisher: European Papers
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chapterErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2024. Article 78 of the AI Act: Confidentiality. The EU Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act: A Commentary; 2024; pp. 1181 - 1196 Publisher: Kluwer Law InternationalLIRIAS4206729
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2024. Profiling by Law Enforcement Agencies. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4188682
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The lecture tackled the intersection of the Research & Development and the use of profiling in line with the AI Act and Personal Data Protection Regulations.
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journal-articleMeszaros, Janos;Preuveneers, Davy;Biasin, Elisabetta;Marquet, Enzo;Erdogan Peter, Irmak;Rosal Santos, Isabela Maria;Vranckaert, Koen;Belkadi, Lydia;Menéndez González, Natalia; 2024. ChatGPT, Are You Lawfully Processing My Personal Data? GDPR Compliance and Legal Basis for Processing Personal Data by OpenAI. Journal of AI Law and Regulation; 2024; Vol. 1; iss. 2; pp. 233 - 239LIRIAS4167564
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Publisher: Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbh
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2024. 'Objectivity’ of AI judges: An analysis of the automated criminal justice.LIRIAS4188683
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conferenceBaloukas, Christos;Papadopoulos, Lazaros;Demestichas, Kostas;Weissenfeld, Axel;Schlarb, Sven;Aramburu, Mikel;Redó, David;García, Jorge;Gaines, Seán;Marquenie, Thomas;Eren, Ezgi;Erdogan Peter, Irmak; 2024. A Risk Assessment and Legal Compliance Framework for Supporting Personal Data Sharing with Privacy Preservation for Scientific Research. ARES '24: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security; 2024 Publisher: ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERYLIRIAS4189000
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2023. Algorithmic profiling and the new forms of discrimination in criminal justice. Not published; 2023LIRIAS4108131
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2023. Transparency in the face of new technologies: information rights under the law enforcement directive.LIRIAS4108134
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otherErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2023. Predictive crime mapping under the Law Enforcement Directive: an analysis of profiling provisions. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4071785
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Algorithm-based software models are in use in several countries to predict where and when crimes will occur. This blog post aims to further question if the Law Enforcement Directive ensures enough safeguards for individuals against predictive crime mapping.
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presentationEren, Ezgi;Erdogan Peter, Irmak;Bayerl, Saskia; 2023. Ensuring compliance during research and development - The STARLIGHT approach.LIRIAS4159884
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak;Eren, Ezgi; 2023. Legal grey areas in the development of AI tools.LIRIAS4159883
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2023. "Predictive Policing and the Defense Rights Against Criminal Risk Assessment''. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4067884
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The modern actuarial techniques constitute a revival of the power of the state to categorize, identify and apprehend “would-be offenders.” The promise of “stopping crime before it happens” has spread the use of predictive analytics, which regroup massive amounts of data and emerge profiles of people. After presenting a comprehensive review of the predictive risk analysis tools used in the United States and Europe, this seminar seeks to analyse how profiling technologies differ from traditional criminal procedure measures and discuss the evidential value of the risk scores. Furthermore, it aims to discuss if data protection regulations can be integrated into criminal procedures to protect the rights of suspects/defendants concerning risk profiling technologies.
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reportErdogan Peter, Irmak;Kumkumoglu, Kemal;Kumkumoglu Cetin, Selin; 2023. PREDICTIVE POLICING AND PREDICTIVE JUSTICE: TURKISH REPORT ON AI AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. Publisher: e-Revue Internationale de Droit PénalLIRIAS4202854
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2022. The Impact of AI Technologies in the data-driven Criminal Procedures.LIRIAS4066831
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2022. Data Protection Law: the Business Law LLM Program at Istanbul Bilgi University. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4066823
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Taught the Data Protection Law course of the Business Law LLM Program at Istanbul Bilgi University on 9th December 2022.
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presentationMarcel, Sébastien; 2022. AI Tech& Policy Talks on Spoofing and deepfakes in biometrics and the risk of identity theft. keyboard_arrow_downLIRIAS4066817
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Commentator on AI & Policy Talks https://www.digitallawcenter.ch/en/event/2022/ai-tech-policy-talks-0
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presentationErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2022. Saturday Morning Conference Series on Artificial Intelligence and Law.LIRIAS4066828
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bookErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2022. The Implications of the Use of AI and Profiling on Data-Driven Criminal Justice (Yapay Zekâ ve Profilleme Teknolojilerinin Ceza Muhakemesinde Kişisel Veri İşlenmesine Etkileri). Publisher: SeçkinLIRIAS3819651
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chapterErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2022. Algorithmic Suspicion in the Era of Predictive Policing. Law and Technology in a Global Digital Society: Autonomous Systems, Data Protection, IT Security and Legal Tech; 2022; pp. 89 - 102 Publisher: SpringerLIRIAS3819652
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chapterErdogan Peter, Irmak; 2021. Automated Decision-Making: A Comparison of Profiling Regulations within Turkey and the EU (Otomatik Karar Çağında Hukuk: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Karşılaştırmalı Profilleme Düzenlemeleri). Emerging Technologies and Law II: Artificial Intelligence (Gelişen Teknolojiler ve Hukuk II: Yapay Zeka); 2021; pp. 373 - 390 Publisher: Oniki Levha YayınlarıLIRIAS3819653
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